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old believers
In Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers, or Old Ritualists ((ロシア語:старове́ры or старообря́дцы), ''starovyery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'') separated after 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Old Believers continue liturgical practices that the Russian Orthodox Church maintained before the implementation of these reforms.
Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as ''raskol'' ((ロシア語:раскол)), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart".
== Introductory summary of origins ==
In 1652, Patriarch Nikon (1605–81; Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658) introduced a number of ritual and textual revisions with the aim of achieving uniformity between the practices of the Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches. Nikon, having noticed discrepancies between Russian and Greek rites and texts, ordered an adjustment of the Russian rites to align with the Greek ones of his time. In doing so, Nikon acted without adequate consultation with the clergy and without gathering a council.〔Zenkovskiy S.A., 1995, 2006.〕 After the implementation of these revisions, the Church anathematized and suppressed—with the support of Muscovite state power—the prior liturgical rite itself, as well as those who were reluctant to pass to the revised rite. Those who maintained fidelity to the existing rite endured severe persecutions from the end of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century as "Schismatics" ((ロシア語:раскольники)). They became known as "Old Ritualists", a name introduced during the reign of Catherine the Great. They continued to call themselves simply "Orthodox Christians".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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